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Zambia

Chard Enterprises Limited

Active

Registered as “CHARD ENTERPRISES LIMITED”

Official registry sourcePACRA (Patents and Companies Registration Agency)Last verified 27 June 2026Official registry verified
Confidence: High

What this rating is based on

  • Official registry record exists
  • Re-verified against the source within the last year
  • Core fields on file (activity, address, incorporation date)
  • Status reported by the registry
  • Tax ID held
  • LEI cross-confirmed (GLEIF)
  • Publicly listed (disclosure obligations)
  • Matched in an IP (trademark) registry
  • Matched to government procurement awards
How Fylings scores confidence →
Registration number
119880017498What is this registration number? →
Legal form
Private Limited Company (Ltd)
Incorporated
18 October 1988More Zambia companies from 1988 →

At a glance

Primary sector
Trade, Merchandise & Supply
On the register
1988 · 38 yrs
Activity
Active

Primary sector classified by Fylings from the registered name and activity, an inference, not a registry field.

Overview

What we know about Chard Enterprises Limited

Chard Enterprises Limited is a Private Limited Company (Ltd) in Zambia. It is recorded with PACRA (Patents and Companies Registration Agency) under registration number 119880017498. The company was registered on 18 October 1988. That made it about 37 years old at the last registry check. Its current status is active. It operates in retail sale of books, newspapers and stationary in specialized stores. Fylings classifies its primary sector as trade, merchandise & supply. This record was last verified on 27 June 2026.

03 · Activity

Company timeline

59 events

Registry, exchange, procurement and mining-cadastre events arranged around one entity identifier.

  1. Registry record re-verified

    90% entity-match confidence.

    Fylings verification · Fylings verification

  2. TENDER FOR SUPPLY AND DELIVERY OF CLEANING MATERIALS FOR MAMU - LIVINGSTONE DISTRICT

    Ministry of Tourism - Mosi-Oa-Tunya Region (Department of National Parks and Wildlife)

    Procurement record · Open Contracting data

  3. TENDER FOR SUPPLY AND DELIVERY OF OFFICE STATIONERY - KARIBA AMU -SINAZONGWE DISTRICT

    Ministry of Tourism - Mosi-Oa-Tunya Region (Department of National Parks and Wildlife)

    Procurement record · Open Contracting data

  4. Tender for supply and delivery of stationery

    Choma College of Nursing and Midwifery

    Procurement record · Open Contracting data

  5. stationery

    David Livingstone College of Education

    Procurement record · Open Contracting data

  6. LPO 3757749

    Hostels Board of Management - Livingstone

    Procurement record · Open Contracting data

  7. LPO 3757749

    Hostels Board of Management - Livingstone

    Procurement record · Open Contracting data

  8. TENDER FOR SUPPLY AND DELIVERY OF ASSORTED FOOD RATIONS FOR HWC AND INFRASTRUCTURE-MAMU LIVINGSTONE.

    Ministry of Tourism - Mosi-Oa-Tunya Region (Department of National Parks and Wildlife)

    Procurement record · Open Contracting data

  9. TENDER OF SUPPLY AND DELIVERY OF ASSORTED STATIONERY-MAMU-LIVINGSTONE

    Ministry of Tourism - Mosi-Oa-Tunya Region (Department of National Parks and Wildlife)

    Procurement record · Open Contracting data

  10. TENDER FOR SUPPLY AND DELIVERY OF ASSORTED CLEANING MATERIALS-MAMU-LIVINGSTONE

    Ministry of Tourism - Mosi-Oa-Tunya Region (Department of National Parks and Wildlife)

    Procurement record · Open Contracting data

  11. TENDER FOR SUPPLY AND DELIVERY OF ASSORTED FOOD RATIONS FOR HUMAN WILDLIFE CONFLICTS-MAMU-LIVINGSTONE

    Ministry of Tourism - Mosi-Oa-Tunya Region (Department of National Parks and Wildlife)

    Procurement record · Open Contracting data

  12. tender for the supply and delivery of office teas for management

    Livingstone Institute of Business and Engineering Studies

    Procurement record · Open Contracting data

Timeline span · 1988–202659 total events
View all timelineBy year +
20267 events · 6 procurement record · 1 fylings verification
  1. Registry record re-verified

    90% entity-match confidence.

    Fylings verification · Fylings verification

  2. TENDER FOR SUPPLY AND DELIVERY OF CLEANING MATERIALS FOR MAMU - LIVINGSTONE DISTRICT

    Ministry of Tourism - Mosi-Oa-Tunya Region (Department of National Parks and Wildlife)

    Procurement record · Open Contracting data

  3. TENDER FOR SUPPLY AND DELIVERY OF OFFICE STATIONERY - KARIBA AMU -SINAZONGWE DISTRICT

    Ministry of Tourism - Mosi-Oa-Tunya Region (Department of National Parks and Wildlife)

    Procurement record · Open Contracting data

  4. Tender for supply and delivery of stationery

    Choma College of Nursing and Midwifery

    Procurement record · Open Contracting data

  5. stationery

    David Livingstone College of Education

    Procurement record · Open Contracting data

  6. LPO 3757749

    Hostels Board of Management - Livingstone

    Procurement record · Open Contracting data

  7. LPO 3757749

    Hostels Board of Management - Livingstone

    Procurement record · Open Contracting data

202528 events · 28 procurement record
  1. TENDER FOR SUPPLY AND DELIVERY OF ASSORTED FOOD RATIONS FOR HWC AND INFRASTRUCTURE-MAMU LIVINGSTONE.

    Ministry of Tourism - Mosi-Oa-Tunya Region (Department of National Parks and Wildlife)

    Procurement record · Open Contracting data

  2. TENDER OF SUPPLY AND DELIVERY OF ASSORTED STATIONERY-MAMU-LIVINGSTONE

    Ministry of Tourism - Mosi-Oa-Tunya Region (Department of National Parks and Wildlife)

    Procurement record · Open Contracting data

  3. TENDER FOR SUPPLY AND DELIVERY OF ASSORTED CLEANING MATERIALS-MAMU-LIVINGSTONE

    Ministry of Tourism - Mosi-Oa-Tunya Region (Department of National Parks and Wildlife)

    Procurement record · Open Contracting data

  4. TENDER FOR SUPPLY AND DELIVERY OF ASSORTED FOOD RATIONS FOR HUMAN WILDLIFE CONFLICTS-MAMU-LIVINGSTONE

    Ministry of Tourism - Mosi-Oa-Tunya Region (Department of National Parks and Wildlife)

    Procurement record · Open Contracting data

  5. tender for the supply and delivery of office teas for management

    Livingstone Institute of Business and Engineering Studies

    Procurement record · Open Contracting data

  6. eggs and sour

    David Livingstone College of Education

    Procurement record · Open Contracting data

  7. non medical supplies

    Livingstone University Teaching Hospital

    Procurement record · Open Contracting data

  8. Cleaning materials

    Livingstone University Teaching Hospital

    Procurement record · Open Contracting data

  9. tender for the supply and delivery of tomatoes april

    Livingstone Institute of Business and Engineering Studies

    Procurement record · Open Contracting data

  10. tender for the supply and delivery of office teas april

    Livingstone Institute of Business and Engineering Studies

    Procurement record · Open Contracting data

  11. Tender for the supply and delivery of chickens

    Livingstone Institute of Business and Engineering Studies

    Procurement record · Open Contracting data

  12. cleaning materials

    David Livingstone College of Education

    Procurement record · Open Contracting data

  13. Tender for the chitenge material for women days

    Livingstone Institute of Business and Engineering Studies

    Procurement record · Open Contracting data

  14. Tender for the supply and delivery of refreshments for women day and youth day

    Livingstone Institute of Business and Engineering Studies

    Procurement record · Open Contracting data

  15. TENDER FOR THE SUPPLY AND DELIVERY OF OFFICE TEAS FEB

    Livingstone Institute of Business and Engineering Studies

    Procurement record · Open Contracting data

  16. TENDER FOR THE SUPPLY AND DELIVERY OF CLEANING MATERIALS FEBRUARY

    Livingstone Institute of Business and Engineering Studies

    Procurement record · Open Contracting data

  17. TENDER FOR THE SUPPLY AND DELIVERY OF VEGETABLES AND TOMATOES JANUARY

    Livingstone Institute of Business and Engineering Studies

    Procurement record · Open Contracting data

  18. TENDER FOR THE SUPPLY AND DELIVERY OF FOOD STUFFS FOR BOARD MEETING 2025

    Livingstone Institute of Business and Engineering Studies

    Procurement record · Open Contracting data

  19. tender for supply and delivery of stationery for D.E.C

    David Livingstone College of Education

    Procurement record · Open Contracting data

  20. TENDER FOR THE SUPPLY AND DELIVERY OF BEEF FEBRUARY

    Livingstone Institute of Business and Engineering Studies

    Procurement record · Open Contracting data

  21. TENDER FOR THE SUPPLY AND DELIVERY OF ANTI VIRUS SOFTWARE

    Livingstone Institute of Business and Engineering Studies

    Procurement record · Open Contracting data

  22. TENDER FOR THE SUPPLY AND DELIVERY OF STAFF WELFARE TO THE NATIONAL PENSION SCHEME AUTHORITY - LIVINGSTONE

    National Pension Scheme Authority

    Procurement record · Open Contracting data

  23. Tender for the supply and delivery of Various Goods to the National Pension Scheme Authority-Livingstone Area Office

    National Pension Scheme Authority

    Procurement record · Open Contracting data

  24. REQUEST FOR QUOTATION FOR THE SUPPLY AND DELIVERY OF WATER CASES TO THE NATIONAL PENSION SCHEME AUTHORITY - LIVIN…

    National Pension Scheme Authority

    Procurement record · Open Contracting data

  25. Tender for the supply and delivery of Various Goods to the National Pension Scheme Authority-Livingstone Area Office

    National Pension Scheme Authority

    Procurement record · Open Contracting data

  26. Tender for the supply and delivery of Staff Welfare to the National Pension Scheme Authority – Monze Office

    National Pension Scheme Authority

    Procurement record · Open Contracting data

  27. MENS WHITE SMART SHIRT

    National Pension Scheme Authority

    Procurement record · Open Contracting data

  28. Tender for the supply and delivery of Various Goods to the National Pension Scheme Authority-Livingstone Area Office

    National Pension Scheme Authority

    Procurement record · Open Contracting data

202421 events · 21 procurement record
  1. tender for the supply and delivery of hospitality cleaning materials NOV

    Livingstone Institute of Business and Engineering Studies

    Procurement record · Open Contracting data

  2. CONTRACT FOR SUPPLY AND DELIVERY OF STATIONERY (TONERS) FOR LIVINGSTONE MUSEUM at a tender sum of ZMW 5,475.00, V…

    National Museums Board

    Procurement record · Open Contracting data

  3. 4073.00

    Southern Water and Sanitation Company Limited

    Procurement record · Open Contracting data

  4. 17000

    Southern Water and Sanitation Company Limited

    Procurement record · Open Contracting data

  5. TENDER FOR THE SUPPLY AND DELIVERY OF WATER CASES

    Livingstone Institute of Business and Engineering Studies

    Procurement record · Open Contracting data

  6. 13355.00

    Southern Water and Sanitation Company Limited

    Procurement record · Open Contracting data

  7. TENDER FOR THE SUPPLY AND DELIVERY OF BEEF

    LIVINGSTONE INSTITUTE OF BUSINESS AND ENGINEERING STUDIES

    Procurement record · Open Contracting data

  8. Tender for the supply and delivery of food items for exams

    LIVINGSTONE INSTITUTE OF BUSINESS AND ENGINEERING STUDIES

    Procurement record · Open Contracting data

  9. Tender for the supply and delivery of cooking oil

    LIVINGSTONE INSTITUTE OF BUSINESS AND ENGINEERING STUDIES

    Procurement record · Open Contracting data

  10. tender for the supply and delivery of snacks for world skills

    LIVINGSTONE INSTITUTE OF BUSINESS AND ENGINEERING STUDIES

    Procurement record · Open Contracting data

  11. supply of stationery materials

    David Livingstone College of Education

    Procurement record · Open Contracting data

  12. tender for the supply and delivery of cdf food stuffs

    LIVINGSTONE INSTITUTE OF BUSINESS AND ENGINEERING STUDIES

    Procurement record · Open Contracting data

  13. Tender for the supply and delivery of assorted stationary

    LIVINGSTONE INSTITUTE OF BUSINESS AND ENGINEERING STUDIES

    Procurement record · Open Contracting data

  14. Manila A4 Paper

    David Livingstone College of Education

    Procurement record · Open Contracting data

  15. TENDER FOR THE SUPPLY AND DELIVERY OF ASSORTED STATIONERY

    LIVINGSTONE INSTITUTE OF BUSINESS AND ENGINEERING STUDIES

    Procurement record · Open Contracting data

  16. Tender for the supply and delivery of cleaning materials

    LIVINGSTONE INSTITUTE OF BUSINESS AND ENGINEERING STUDIES

    Procurement record · Open Contracting data

  17. 1095

    Southern Water and Sanitation Company Limited

    Procurement record · Open Contracting data

  18. TENDER FOR SUPPLY AND DELIVERY OF ASSORTED FOOD STUFFS

    David Livingstone College of Education

    Procurement record · Open Contracting data

  19. Toner Cartridge

    David Livingstone College of Education

    Procurement record · Open Contracting data

  20. CONTRACT FOR SUPPLY AND DELIVERY OF VARIOUS STATIONERIES FOR LIVINGSTONE MUSEUM

    National Museums Board

    Procurement record · Open Contracting data

  21. Tender for Supply and Delivery of Printer and Toner

    David Livingstone College of Education

    Procurement record · Open Contracting data

20231 event · 1 procurement record
  1. Tender for the supply and delivery of assorted cleaning materials

    LIVINGSTONE INSTITUTE OF BUSINESS AND ENGINEERING STUDIES

    Procurement record · Open Contracting data

20221 event · 1 procurement record
  1. contract for the supply of stationery

    Livingstone Central Hospital

    Procurement record · Open Contracting data

19881 event · 1 registry
  1. Company incorporated

    Recorded as company by PACRA (Patents and Companies Registration Agency).

    Registry · PACRA (Patents and Companies Registration Agency)

Directors & ownership

Who controls Chard Enterprises Limited

Full verification report

Directors & officers · Shareholders & ownership · Beneficial owners (PSC) · Filings & disclosures · Relationship network

The full report requests this data from PACRA (Patents and Companies Registration Agency) at order time. Where the registry holds no record for a field, the report states that explicitly, we never pad. Delivered by email, typically within one business day.

Government contracts

Public contracts won by Chard Enterprises Limited

Chard Enterprises Limited has been awarded 57 public-sector contracts from 10 government bodies, worth ZMW 1,199,342 in total disclosed value.

Procurement profile: Stationery & Office Supplies (among others), inferred from contract descriptions.

57

Contracts

10

Gov. buyers

ZMW 1.2M

Disclosed value

2022–2026

Active years

Contracts won by year

1
1
21
28
6
'22'23'24'25'26

Top awarding bodies

Zambia open-contracting data covers 2016 onward; earlier activity may exist but is not published.

Individual awards

  • tender for the supply and delivery of cdf food stuffs

    Livingstone Institute of Business and Engineering Studies · 10 September 2024

    ZMW 151,940

  • Tender for the supply and delivery of cleaning materials february

    Livingstone Institute of Business and Engineering Studies · 12 February 2025

    ZMW 98,190

  • Cleaning materials

    Livingstone University Teaching Hospital · 11 August 2025

    ZMW 77,425

  • Tender for the supply and delivery of beef

    Livingstone Institute of Business and Engineering Studies · 30 October 2024

    ZMW 64,800

  • tender for supply and delivery of stationery for D.E.C

    David Livingstone College of Education · 7 February 2025

    ZMW 59,316

  • Tender for the supply and delivery of chickens

    Livingstone Institute of Business and Engineering Studies · 4 March 2025

    ZMW 45,000

  • non medical supplies

    Livingstone University Teaching Hospital · 12 August 2025

    ZMW 43,266

  • stationery

    David Livingstone College of Education · 7 January 2026

    ZMW 40,141

  • Tender for supply and delivery of assorted food stuffs

    David Livingstone College of Education · 1 June 2024

    ZMW 39,769

  • Tender for the supply and delivery of assorted stationary

    Livingstone Institute of Business and Engineering Studies · 10 September 2024

    ZMW 35,535

  • Tender for the supply and delivery of beef february

    Livingstone Institute of Business and Engineering Studies · 6 February 2025

    ZMW 32,700

  • Tender for the supply and delivery of staff welfare to the national pension scheme authority - livingstone

    National Pension Scheme Authority · 13 January 2025

    ZMW 27,410
Show 45 more contracts ↓

  • Tender for the supply and delivery of assorted stationery

    Livingstone Institute of Business and Engineering Studies · 5 September 2024

    ZMW 23,300

  • Tender for supply and delivery of assorted food rations for HWC and infrastructure-mamu livingstone.

    Ministry of Tourism - Mosi-Oa-Tunya Region (Department of National Parks and Wildlife) · 4 December 2025

    ZMW 22,684

  • cleaning materials

    David Livingstone College of Education · 27 February 2025

    ZMW 21,122

  • Tender for the supply and delivery of anti virus software

    Livingstone Institute of Business and Engineering Studies · 6 February 2025

    ZMW 21,000

  • contract for the supply of stationery

    Livingstone Central Hospital · 25 September 2022

    ZMW 21,000

  • Tender for the supply and delivery of vegetables and tomatoes january

    Livingstone Institute of Business and Engineering Studies · 11 February 2025

    ZMW 20,500

  • Tender for the supply and delivery of food items for exams

    Livingstone Institute of Business and Engineering Studies · 14 October 2024

    ZMW 18,417

  • Tender for the chitenge material for women days

    Livingstone Institute of Business and Engineering Studies · 21 February 2025

    ZMW 17,600

  • Tender for the supply and delivery of assorted cleaning materials

    Livingstone Institute of Business and Engineering Studies · 21 December 2023

    ZMW 17,374

  • Tender of supply and delivery of assorted stationery-mamu-livingstone

    Ministry of Tourism - Mosi-Oa-Tunya Region (Department of National Parks and Wildlife) · 3 December 2025

    ZMW 17,105

  • 17000

    Southern Water and Sanitation Company Limited · 28 November 2024

    ZMW 17,000

  • Tender for Supply and Delivery of Printer and Toner

    David Livingstone College of Education · 21 March 2024

    ZMW 17,000

  • eggs and sour

    David Livingstone College of Education · 5 September 2025

    ZMW 16,880

  • tender for the supply and delivery of office teas for management

    Livingstone Institute of Business and Engineering Studies · 11 November 2025

    ZMW 14,854

  • tender for the supply and delivery of hospitality cleaning materials NOV

    Livingstone Institute of Business and Engineering Studies · 19 December 2024

    ZMW 14,623

  • Tender for the supply and delivery of cleaning materials

    Livingstone Institute of Business and Engineering Studies · 5 September 2024

    ZMW 14,100

  • Tender for supply and delivery of office stationery - kariba amu -sinazongwe district

    Ministry of Tourism - Mosi-Oa-Tunya Region (Department of National Parks and Wildlife) · 9 April 2026

    ZMW 13,785

  • 13355.00

    Southern Water and Sanitation Company Limited · 5 November 2024

    ZMW 13,355

  • tender for the supply and delivery of office teas april

    Livingstone Institute of Business and Engineering Studies · 16 May 2025

    ZMW 12,968

  • Tender for the supply and delivery of cooking oil

    Livingstone Institute of Business and Engineering Studies · 14 October 2024

    ZMW 12,800

  • Tender for supply and delivery of cleaning materials for mamu - livingstone district

    Ministry of Tourism - Mosi-Oa-Tunya Region (Department of National Parks and Wildlife) · 10 April 2026

    ZMW 11,399

  • Tender for supply and delivery of stationery

    Choma College of Nursing and Midwifery · 8 January 2026

    ZMW 11,142

  • Tender for supply and delivery of assorted food rations for human wildlife conflicts-mamu-livingstone

    Ministry of Tourism - Mosi-Oa-Tunya Region (Department of National Parks and Wildlife) · 12 November 2025

    ZMW 10,923

  • Tender for the supply and delivery of Various Goods to the National Pension Scheme Authority-Livingstone Area Office

    National Pension Scheme Authority · 13 January 2025

    ZMW 9,750

  • Tender for the supply and delivery of office teas feb

    Livingstone Institute of Business and Engineering Studies · 13 February 2025

    ZMW 9,418

  • Tender for supply and delivery of assorted cleaning materials-mamu-livingstone

    Ministry of Tourism - Mosi-Oa-Tunya Region (Department of National Parks and Wildlife) · 3 December 2025

    ZMW 8,604

  • Contract for supply and delivery of stationery (toners) for livingstone museum at a tender sum of ZMW 5,475.00, vat inclusive.

    National Museums Board · 17 December 2024

    ZMW 8,213

  • LPO 3757749

    Hostels Board of Management - Livingstone · 4 January 2026

    ZMW 7,445

  • LPO 3757749

    Hostels Board of Management - Livingstone · 4 January 2026

    ZMW 7,445

  • Tender for the supply and delivery of refreshments for women day and youth day

    Livingstone Institute of Business and Engineering Studies · 21 February 2025

    ZMW 7,080

  • Contract for supply and delivery of various stationeries for livingstone museum

    National Museums Board · 24 April 2024

    ZMW 6,010

  • tender for the supply and delivery of tomatoes april

    Livingstone Institute of Business and Engineering Studies · 18 June 2025

    ZMW 5,850

  • tender for the supply and delivery of snacks for world skills

    Livingstone Institute of Business and Engineering Studies · 14 October 2024

    ZMW 5,328

  • Request for quotation for the supply and delivery of water cases to the national pension scheme authority - livingstone

    National Pension Scheme Authority · 13 January 2025

    ZMW 4,200

  • 4073.00

    Southern Water and Sanitation Company Limited · 9 December 2024

    ZMW 4,073

  • Tender for the supply and delivery of Various Goods to the National Pension Scheme Authority-Livingstone Area Office

    National Pension Scheme Authority · 13 January 2025

    ZMW 3,750

  • Toner Cartridge

    David Livingstone College of Education · 14 May 2024

    ZMW 3,200

  • Tender for the supply and delivery of food stuffs for board meeting 2025

    Livingstone Institute of Business and Engineering Studies · 11 February 2025

    ZMW 2,544

  • Tender for the supply and delivery of Staff Welfare to the National Pension Scheme Authority – Monze Office

    National Pension Scheme Authority · 13 January 2025

    ZMW 2,484

  • Mens white smart shirt

    National Pension Scheme Authority · 13 January 2025

    ZMW 2,250

  • Tender for the supply and delivery of Various Goods to the National Pension Scheme Authority-Livingstone Area Office

    National Pension Scheme Authority · 13 January 2025

    ZMW 1,500

  • supply of stationery materials

    David Livingstone College of Education · 14 October 2024

    ZMW 1,120

  • 1095

    Southern Water and Sanitation Company Limited · 9 August 2024

    ZMW 1,095

  • Tender for the supply and delivery of water cases

    Livingstone Institute of Business and Engineering Studies · 6 November 2024

    ZMW 1,080

  • Manila A4 Paper

    David Livingstone College of Education · 10 September 2024

    ZMW 480

Source: Zambia Public Procurement Authority (ZPPA), published via the Open Contracting Data Standard (OCDS). Awards are matched to this company by name and registration; disclosed values reflect the awarded amount at time of publication.

Network

Companies connected to Chard Enterprises Limited

Companies that won contracts from the same public buyers as Chard Enterprises Limited, in that country's open-contracting data.

On the same register

Other companies registered in Zambia in 1988

These companies appear on Zambia's official register with the same registration year as Chard Enterprises Limited. A shared registration year is a fact about the register, not a connection between the companies.

Browse every Zambia company registered in 1988 →

Sanctions & watchlist screening

This record hasn't been screened yet. Check this name against OFAC SDN, OFAC Consolidated and UN lists →

About this record

Legal form: Private Limited Company (Ltd)

Activity: Retail sale of books, newspapers and stationary in specialized stores

Registered as a Private Limited Company (Ltd) with PACRA (Patents and Companies Registration Agency), Zambia. What is this registration number? →

Confidence: High · sourced from PACRA (Patents and Companies Registration Agency). Basic-depth records carry the fields the public registry publishes; deeper data is acquired on demand.

FAQ

What is a Private Limited Company (Ltd)?

A private limited company (Ltd) is privately held, its shares aren't offered to the public, and shareholders' liability is limited to their shareholding.

What is PACRA (Patents and Companies Registration Agency)?

PACRA (the Patents and Companies Registration Agency) is Zambia's official registrar of companies and business names, operating the public Business Search of the national registry.

What sector does Chard Enterprises Limited operate in?

Fylings classifies it in the Trade, Merchandise & Supply sector, inferred from the registered name and activity.